Acknowlegements
Accessibility
Chapter 1 - Mendel’s First Law and Meiosis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dominant and Recessive Alleles
1.3 Meiosis
1.4 One Locus on a Chromosome - Segregation - Monohybrid
1.5 Punnett Squares - 3:1 Ratio
1.6 Single Locus Test Crosses
Chapter 1 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Study Questions
Chapter 1 Answers
Chapter 2 - Mendel’s Second Law: Independent Assortment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Two Loci on Different Chromosomes
2.3 Two Loci on One Chromosome
2.4 A Dihybrid Cross Showing Mendel's Second Law (Independent Assortment)
- Mendel’s Second Law
- Assumptions of the 9:3:3:1 Ratio
- Deviations from the 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic Ratio
2.5 The Dihybrid Test Cross
2.6 Predicting Ratios in Genetic Crosses - Rules of Probability
Chapter 2 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Study Questions
Chapter 2 Answers
Chapter 3 - The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Typical Cell Cycle
3.3 Mitosis
3.4 Amount of DNA (c-value) and Number of Chromosomes (n-value)
- The c-Value of the Nuclear Genome
- The c-Value Paradox
- The Number of Chromosomes (n-Value)
3.5 Appearance of a Typical Nuclear Chromosome During the Cell Cycle
3.6 Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis
Chapter 3 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Study Questions
Chapter 3 Answers
Chapter 4 - Pedigree Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Symbols used in Pedigree Charts
4.3 Modes of Inheritance
- Autosomal Dominant (AD)
- X-Linked Dominant (XD)
- Autosomal Recessive (AR)
- X-Linked Recessive (XR)
- Y-Linked
4.4 Sporadic and Non-Heritable Diseases
4.5 Calculating Probabilities Using Pedigree Charts
Chapter 4 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Study Questions
Chapter 4 Answers
Chapter 5 - The Complementation Test
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Complementation Tests and Allelism
5.3 Complementation Groups = Groups of Allelic Mutations
5.4 Transformation Rescue
Chapter 5 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Study Questions
Chapter 5 Answers
Chapter 6 - Alleles at a Single Locus
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Somatic vs. Germline Mutations
- Somatic Mutations
- Germline Mutations
- Haploid vs. Diploid Organisms
6.3 Alleles: Hetero-, Homo-, Hemizygosity
6.4 Pleiotropy vs. Polygenic Inheritance
6.5 Types of Dominance
- Complete Dominance
- Incomplete Dominance
- Co-Dominance
6.6 Biochemical Basis of Dominance
6.7 Classification of Mutants
- Morphological Mutants
- Lethal Mutants
- Biochemical Mutants
- Conditional Mutants
6.8 Muller's Morphs
- Amorph
- Hypomorph
- Hypermorph
- Neomorph
- Antimorph
- Identifying Muller’s Morphs
Chapter 6 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Study Questions
Chapter 6 Answers
Chapter 7 - The Central Dogma - Mutations and Biochemical Pathways
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Beadle and Tatum Experiments
7.3 The "One Gene: One Enzyme" Hypothesis
7.4 Genetic Screening and Biochemical Pathways
7.5 Mutations Without Detectable Phenotypes
- Silent Changes
- Environment and Genetic Redundancy
- Essential Genes and Lethal Alleles
- Naming Genes
7.6 Cystic Fibrosis in Humans
Chapter 7 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Study Questions
Chapter 7 Answers
Chapter 8 - Gene Interactions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Recall - Mendelian Dihybrid Crosses
8.3 Epistasis and Other Gene Interactions
- Recessive Epistasis
- Dominant Epistasis
- Duplicate Gene Action
- Complementary Gene Action
- Genetic Suppression and Enhancement
- Summary of Modifications
8.4 Polygenic Inheritance
8.5 Environmental Factors
8.6 Factors Causing Deviation from Mendelian Phenotypic Ratios
Chapter 8 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Study Questions
Chapter 8 Answers
Chapter 9 - Linkage and Recombination Frequency
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Review of Genetic Nomenclature and Symbols
9.3 Recombination and Recombination Frequency
- Inter- and Intrachromosomal Recombination
- Inheriting Parental and Recombinant Gametes
- Recombination Frequency
9.4 Coupling and Repulsion (cis and trans) Configuration
9.5 Unlinked Genes vs. Partial Linkage vs. Complete Linkage
- Unlinked Genes
- Complete Linkage
- Partial Linkage
9.6 Experimental Determination of Recombination Frequency
Chapter 9 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 9
Chapter 9 Study Questions
Chapter 9 Answers
Chapter 10 - Sex Chromosomes & Sex Linkage
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
10.3 Pseudo-Autosomal Regions on the X and Y Chromosomes
10.4 Sex Linkage: An Exception to Mendel's First Law
10.5 Y-Linked Genes
Chapter 10 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 10
Chapter 10 Study Questions
Chapter 10 Answers
Chapter 11 - Recombination Mapping of Gene Loci
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Genetic Mapping
- Calculating Map Distance
- Map Distance Over Long Chromosomes
- Genetic Maps are an Approximation
11.3 Two-Point and Three-Point Crosses
- Two-Point Crosses
- Three-Point Crosses
11.4 Coincidence and Interference
Chapter 11 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Study Questions
Chapter 11 Answers
Chapter 12 - Physical Mapping of Chromosomes and Genomes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Genetic Maps
12.3 Cytogenetic Maps
12.4 Physical Maps
Chapter 12 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 12
Chapter 12 Study Questions
Chapter 12 Answers
Chapter 13 - Genes and COVID-19 Susceptibility in Humans
13.1 Introduction
13.2 How Does SARS-Cov-2 Infect Humans?
13.3 Genes Implicated in Severe COVID-19 Infection in Humans
13.4 Approaches for Vaccine Development Against SARS‐Cov‐2
Chapter 13 Summary
Key Terms in Chapter 13
Appendix A: Key Milestones in Genetics and Molecular Biology Timeline